City Of Manila.Background of a Smart Designed City Essay

The City of Manila has a population of 1.7 million people and is considered as one of the most polluted cities in the world with notorious traffic congestions. The city of Adelaide is on the other hand one of the most liveable cities in the world, with a population of 1.2 million and practically no traffic jams at all. This paper compares these two cities in order to establish what manila can learn from Adelaide. The City of Manila is a relatively small city with a population of about 1.7 million people and an area of around 40 square kilometres. The city can thus be categorized amongst the overpopulated cities of the world (Townsend, 2013). Consequently, Manila has a very high level of pollution and other challenges including traffic and poor drainage system that makes the sanitation very problematic. Background of a Smart Designed City Adelaide is a south Australian city with a population that is close to that of Manila at 1.3 million people. Initially, this city suffered from high levels of pollution owing to its large population and the energy sources being used across the city. First, the transport means today are highly effective reducing the traffic jams by 100% and the city is now considered as a ‘twenty minute city’ owing to the ability to move from one place to another easily (Fajardo, 2011). The reduced traffic jams translate to reduced gas emissions, as do the number of trees planted around schools, churches, parks, reserves, coastlines and transport corridors. These trees have managed to reduce the carbon emissions getting into the atmosphere thus making the city even cleaner. The city is planned very effectively in such a way that the transport systems are effective and diverse comprising of a South Eastern Freeway, Southern Express Way, the Port River Expressway and the Northern Expressway . This arrangement allows for effective transport across the metropolitan area thus making the city accessible without unnecessary congestions. The roads are also mostly very wide with multiple lanes to accommodate the growing number of vehicles in the city. The city has also cut down its use of fossil fuels in favour of renewable energy with a great inclination on solar energy. They have undertaken numerous campaigns to encourage the citizens to install solar panels on their rooftops, with over 200 schools having to depend on this clean energy for their power needs. As such, the city is slowly turning to solar energy to sustain its energy needs (Henderson, 2002). From its initial planning in the days of the first settlers, the city was designed to have two green rings around the city square thus implementing the green city initiative right from its birth. As a result, they have over 3 million trees within the city and a few parks and squares with a lot of trees as well. The green belt here is so extensive that it is rumoured that one can actually feel the fresh air in the city especially if they are from another part of the country or the world. These trees play a big role in keeping the city free of pollution as they mitigate from the effects of the unavoidable carbon emissions. Suggestions for Future Development and Lose Cost Estimates In order to reach up to Adelaide’s standards, the city of Milan has to undergo a number of transformations within its layout. First, the city’s roads must be reconstructed to accommodate the traffic and reduce the traffic jams. This may cost as much as $100 billion seeing as there is a need for a complete overhaul in the city’s transport system. For efficiency, subways may also be found necessary especially seeing as Manila is in a developing country and thus the urban population is likely to keep growing. The green technology in terms of shifting to solar power as a main source of energy must also be considered seeing as the country currently depends on fossil fuels for their energy. This shift should cost the government about $20 million in equipment and education programs about how to use them as well as their maintenance (Townsend, 2013). In doing this, the city will have cut down on pollution seeing as the dependence on fossil fuels is by far the most hazardous human tendency. As for planting trees and creating a green city, it should be noted that the best trees in Manila can be sourced locally and should thus be relatively cheap. The challenge however would be the sensitization of the masses in order to gain their support and cooperation for maintenance of the trees. It can thus be estimated that the local government will need about $5 million for this project and with the cooperation of the citizens and the private sector the city should qualify for a smart city categorization within approximately 30 years from the implementation date (Townsend, 2013). For this to happen however, the city’s administration will have to obtain the support and cooperation of the general public and the private sector. References Fajardo, B.K. (2011). Filipino crosscurrents. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, MN. Henderson, V. (2002). Urbanization in developing countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 17(1), 89-112. Townsend, M.A. (2013). Smart cities: big data, civic hackers, and the quest for a new utopia. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. Source document

Goals for Chefs Essay

Goals are what shapes everyone’s lives to what they are. Whether it be an abundance or lack of them. Myself, I have planned many goals so I can become who I really wish to be. Without my little goals to guide me along the way, who knows where I could end up in this world? Many of my goals are simple small ones like, get an A in English, perfect my cupcake recipe, or do well on the SAT’s; that add up to much larger ones such as get accepted to a good college and become a well known pastry chef. Well my goal of being accepted to a lovely college has already become true. In the fall I will be attending Johnson & Wales University for baking and pastry. My main goal at the moment however is to secure as much help as I can from people such as yourselves so it can be possible. Even though honestly I’m not the type to ask for help about anything, I need it. My goals mean so much to be to become someone and reach the education I need and deserve. Without it, how could anything else I wish to attain with my life become possible? Without knowledge and experience, how am I supposed to compete with highly trained chefs for jobs in such a competitive industry? Teaching yourself can only get you so far. I yearn for the knowledge about not only classical but modern techniques I could never figure out all on my own. Before my goal of becoming a great pastry chef can come to be, I must satisfy my wishes and goals to learn all I can. My goals to master the art of sugar sculpture, cake baking, and chocolate work. Granted yes some things I have learned already on my own such as gum paste manipulation and basic baking, but how would I ever learn how to create creatures out of sugar so delicate the tiniest touch could snap them? It would never be a possibility in my tiny kitchen; it takes so much room in there to even bake a cake. Just basically what I’m saying is this; without help to reach my education the goals I plan wouldn†™t even matter. They would be impossible to reach.

A true filipino Essay

How can you say that you are a True Filipino? Is it when you have a fair complexion? Or is it when you are using language that is mostly used in the Philippines? How can you adopt the values of a Filipino? The beliefs will you also adopt it? All questions will be answered on the following paragraphs. First, the Filipino people is known to be kind, helpful and generous people. The one character that the Filipino always posses is being â€Å"Religious†. Every community in the Philippines have it’s own celebration the feast of their own patron saint. For example the Penafrancia Fiesta. We celebrate the feast of Nuestra Senora de Penafrancia. Even though the other Filipino is in the other country they also celebrate the feast of their patron saint by going home to the Philippines and sometimes when they don’t have enough money to go in the Philippines they pray in the church for their love ones and for their own patron saint. Second, it is not because you have a fair complexion and you are using the language of the Filipino’s you are already a Filipino. It is a big No! The beliefs of Filipino is from the very first group of their family. The true Filipino is not classified by their appearance but the true Filipino is classified by the inside appearance of every people. So, what did you think how can you say that a people is a Filipino? You,Yourself are you one of us. You have your own answer on those question. Always remember a true Filipino is not classify in the outside but in the inside.

Firefighter injuries and deaths Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Firefighter injuries and deaths - Research Paper Example Peterson adds that firefighters opt to protect property and save people under serious and risky circumstances. In the United States, about 100 firefighters die annually in the line of duty while about 95,000 are injured, according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health report of 2006 (2). In the United States, twenty-one firefighters died in 2005, during the execution of non-emergency-related on-duty doings. Moreover, there was one fatal stroke case as well as five sudden cardiac deaths among the firefighters while undertaking the usual station or administrative activities. While engaging in activities like a funeral detail, attendance at a convention, a parade, and fire apparatus maintenance four firefighters died due to sudden cardiac death or stroke. On the other hand, three firefighters lost their lives when their helicopter crashed while they were lighting fires at a set burn. In addition, crashes claimed other five lives -- one each while en route to get a vehicle inspection sticker, after a boat parade, during a conservation project, while en route to pump out a residence, and while driving to a meeting (Fahy & LeBlanc, 3). Causes and Mitigation Strategies of Firefighter injures and deaths There are various health impairments and disorders influenced by the job attributes. These comprise traumas, injuries, cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer respiratory diseases, and cancers of other sites like large intestine, bladder or kidney. Mental disorders referred to as the post-traumatic stress disorder are of much significance among health effects because of a traumatic experience in health-hazardous or a life-threatening circumstance. Long after original trauma, there could be manifestation of serious health problems (Szubert & Sobala, 49). There are reports on an upward trend in the incidence of heat stress injuries during wild land firefighting operations. There can be dehydration by the firefighter when he or she is working under both high ambient air temperatures and high radiant heat flux conditions. This can also occur if positive preventative procedures are not implemented as a normal way of doing business on a daily basis heat stress can be experienced (Mangan, 38). It is in the operational area at the scene of a fire that about one-third of on-duty firefighter fatalities occur. The deaths occur because of asphyxiation, sudden cardiac death, electrocution, stroke, crushing injuries, internal trauma, and burns while restraining or putting out fires. In addition, another one-third of on-duty deaths happen on the way to or from an event in motor vehicle and other accidents. On the other hand, ten percent of firefighter casualties occur during training, for example physical fitness activities, apparatus and equipment drills, classes or seminars, underwater/dive training, and live fire training. It is also possible for the firefighters to die while carrying out nonemergency on-duty activities and at non-fire eme rgencies. Traumatic injuries account for more than one-half of all on-duty firefight

Laboratory Scenarios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Laboratory Scenarios - Essay Example According to the National Institute for Occupational safety and Health (2006), anyone entering or using the lab has to have detailed knowledge of the dangers and risks involved, and the risks presented by each of the reagents in the laboratory. This knowledge is important in helping the lab users to indentify potential risks and take the appropriate measures to prevent these risks from occurring. Below is a detailed analysis of three laboratory situations that clearly do not follow the safety procedures and that put lab users at great danger. In Scenario 2, there are deliberate safety procedures that were overlooked. The student was working in the lab late night. This means that the lab might not be well lit and since it was late night, the student might have been fatigued thus placing the bottle wrongly at the counter making it to shutter and spill the contents. The student had no safety clothing or lab protective gear, making the contents to spill on her clothing. The bottle was wrongly used for unintended purpose, since it originally contained chloroform and the label canceled out. In addition, the student was cleaning the floor with bare hands without the use of gloves, which is a great health risk. She was cut in the process, and decided to ignore the first aid criteria by only applying a simple bandage. Moreover, she found it not necessary to alert others and especially reporting to the lab supervisors concerning the case. One of the relevant authorities that are concerned with such cases is the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute that sets and writes guidelines and safety procedures to be followed in the laboratory, as would be suited to the case above (Merrick et al, 2006). The body designs and outlines documents that contain quality clinical practices that have to be followed in such chemistry labs. This lab seems not to comply with any of the lab practices and guidelines and as Hampton (2011)

Management Accounts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management Accounts - Essay Example For example, the cost of labour engaged in a service department can be charged wholly and directly but the canteen expenses of the factory cannot be charged directly and wholly. Its proportionate share will have to be found out. Charging of costs in the former case will be termed as "allocation of costs" whereas in the latter, it will be termed as "apportionment of costs." Management Accounting is an indispensable tool for any business unit to set budgets. It sets standard costs and actual costs of processes, departments or products and through variance analysis measure the profitability and social use of funds. This assists the management to attract more investors and tap potential funding sources. The main aim of costing is the providing crucial management information to ascertain costs, proper allocation of costs to a centre of responsibility, cost planning and control. Further, it provides the necessary information to plan the cost of operation and ability to monitor and control those cost against the plan. Costing can provide all the information required for the effective management decisions. The effective costing is therefore essential for survival of any business. 3.2 Methods of costing Costing can be defined as the procedure and technique of ascertaining costs. The principles in every method of costing are same but the methods of analyzing and presenting the costs differ with the nature of business. The methods of costing are as follows: Absorption Costing Marginal Costing Job Costing Activity Based Costing Batch Costing 3.2.1 Absorption Costing Absorption costing means that all of the manufacturing costs are absorbed by the units produced. In other words, the cost of a finished unit in inventory will include direct materials, direct labour, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead. As a result, absorption costing is also termed as full costing or the full absorption method. 3.2.2 Marginal costing Marginal cost means the cost of the marginal or last unit produced. It is also defined as the cost of one more or one less unit produced besides existing level of production. Marginal costing may be defined as the technique of presenting cost data wherein variable costs and fixed costs are shown separately for managerial decision-making. Marginal costing technique has given birth to a very useful concept of contribution

Social Inequalities in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Inequalities in US - Essay Example John Adams fully comprehended the paramount principles of equal natural rights and he reckoned with the question with the inequalities in a constitution of a people. It was achieved through the careful institutional arrangement. However, Massachusetts’s citizens criticized and rejected the constitution that excluded Negroes, Indians and mulattoes from the state voting process. He realized the need to distinguish the nature’s unequal distribution of activity from the artificial inequalities that subverted the foundation of liberty and a people’s decency. Given the inevitable nature of inequality the statesman’s though was directed at reducing its effects and promoted the conversion of â€Å"natural aristocracy† to betterment of the society. This has greatly facilitated for awareness and fight for equality. Racism is less predominant among the Americans in recent times in comparison to earlier times. Earlier in the United States’ history, racis m resulted in African Americans being treated as second class citizens, and denied the rights to do many things including vote and go to school with white children and lived in slavery or servitude for a significant proportion of American history. There have been marked changes in the way that races have been treated as American history has progressed, and African Americans as well as other races are now legally considered equals to whites. This is evident by the recent election Barrack Obama, an African American as their 44th US president. His election on the contrary has not ended racism but has propagated its transformation However, a survey conducted by a prominent writer and educator at Harvard, wise, shows that 11 percent of the whites in America still are slaves of being racist, treating people differently because of their race. Another aspect of equality is the issue of class. People exist in different classes, such as those who are wealthy and the poor, and those who come f rom different social background. It is common for people of a higher class to consider themselves superior to others. For example, even in the present time, many people who have enough money to own a house and live well look down on people who are not able to do this, often refusing to associate with them. Nevertheless, class relations have become better throughout American history, as people of lower class are no longer treated as slaves or servants, and are no longer prohibited from knowing or marrying those of a higher class. The recent improvement of security improvement among the middle and low class has greatly equalized the social class problem. Martin Luther King, Jr. was one of the most profound civil right movement’s spokesmen and asserted for civil rights for African Americans on constitutional grounds. He emphasized on the legitimacy of the constitution in relation to the civil rights demonstrations. As the civil rights movement gained victory it revealed the vict ories in the terms of equality that were fought by the African Americans. Introduction of rights into the composition discourse is an example of a successful fight for equality to further develop racial equality by addressing literary issues. In the United States there has been a major improvement on issues regarding gender equality. Most women, in the 21st century, have benefited greatly from gender equality. Nevertheless some women still experience increased equality as a threat as imposing costs on them are augmenting. Post World War II has provided the necessity for

Role of Organizations in the Profession of Nursing Research Paper

Role of Organizations in the Profession of Nursing - Research Paper Example American Association of Critical Care Nurses is the world’s largest specialty nursing organization, which represents the interests of more than 500,000 nurses who vehemently work toward the objective of providing care for acutely ill patients. The essence of the AACN mission statement is that â€Å"AACN drives excellence because nothing less is acceptable†. At the same time, its vision statement reflects that â€Å"AACN is dedicated to creating a healthcare system driven by the needs of patients and families where acute and critical care nurses make their optimal contribution† (Ebright , 2010). I choose the AACN for this assignment because the organization exemplarily operates its critical care and it has won many awards for its excellence including The DAISY Award for Extraordinary Nurses. Membership requirementsThe AACN offers six various membership options including active membership, affiliate membership, student membership, emeritus membership, international digital membership, and retired or disabled membership. The membership requirements are different for different options. The annual subscription rate also varies in accordance with the type of membership option chosen. History and demographicsThe AACN was established in 1969 and the first intensive care units (ICUs) were introduced in 1950s with intent to provide improved care to critically ill patients. The improved technological applications have assisted the AACN to place itself on the world’s top position.’s top position. Presently the organization has the power of over 80,000 members. The AACN members include 89% male and 11%female. Similarly, Caucasians constitute 78% of the AACN members. The current trend shows that the member strength of the organization increases day by day. Priority agenda items The AACN website says that â€Å"our patients, our nurses, our units† are the main priorities of organization. The scope of the AACN is to provide quality hea lthcare to its members by establishing a sustainable and healthy worksite environment. The AACN encourages effective leadership so as to promote worksite environments, which are â€Å"respectful, healing, and humane† (American Association of Critical- Care Nurses, 2011). The AACN works with other organizations to vie with common nursing care issues and establish a professional nursing practice. The modern trends indicate that the organization gives great emphasis on ambulatory care centers by employing more nurses in this sector. The increased vacancy rate of AACN indicates that the organization will suffer troublesome nurse shortage issues in the coming years unless it recruits adequate nursing staff immediately. Hence, the AACN has recently implemented a variety of programs for meeting its nurse staffing requirements. The main focus of the organizations is to meet the needs of its members whose family includes individuals who are acutely and critically ill. In addition, the AACN specifically emphasizes and advances nursing education through technology as the organization greatly promotes patient safety and improved care. Likewise, the organisation offers extensive payment concessions to its existing members, who completed a specific membership period,

WEEK 1 DISCUSSION PART 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WEEK 1 DISCUSSION PART 1 - Assignment Example Its forward supply chain involves transfer of products to consumers while reverse supply chain involves transfer of products from consumers to the organization for recycling or as return inwards. The forward supply chain involves ordering of products via mail or electronic methods. A first in first out inventory management follows in processing and delivery of the orders, though the organization observers some flexibility. In cases of lack of inventory, a supplier is sought through an online system. The supply chain involves â€Å"postponement,† and â€Å"modularity† (Kumar and Graig, 2007, p. 200, 201). The organization’s suppliers and consumers who determine the volumes of required inventory manage inventory, and products are transported through shipments. The supply chain also involves a series of partnerships with â€Å"suppliers, service providers, shipping companies, and customers† (Kumar and Graig, 2007, p. 203). I could redesign the company’s supply chain through application of the six-sigma approach. The new design would involve a monitoring and evaluation department that would identify ideal supply chain processes and actual deviations from the ideals. The department would also explore periodic changes in supply chain processes and identify significance of those changes with respect to consumers’ expectations in order to eliminate inefficiencies and facilitate cohesion among involved processes and stakeholders. The design will also evaluate suppliers’ efficiency levels to identify the most reliable suppliers for long-term partnerships, contrary to the current short-term partnership approach. This is because long-term partnerships increase commitments towards efficiencies. Inputs and outputs will however remain the same since they are determined by demand (Bandyopadhyay and Jenicke, 2007). The design will involve both domestic and global operations. The need for global operations will extend the analytical approach to the corporation’s

China mitigating the impact of carbon dioxide Essay

China mitigating the impact of carbon dioxide - Essay Example Contrary to numerous states that have alleged both China and US are ignorant of numerous policies that global agencies have instituted to shun climate degradation, it has however tried to implement varied national policies. For instance, China this year revealed its intentions of reducing the CO2 emission levels stated in 2005 by approximately 60-65%. This coupled with other numerous advancements devised and proposed by Chinese government; experts have contended the country seems now to be on the right track towards curbing its excessive CO2 release. However, despite these advancements and proposals by Chinese government, the extent of CO2 emissions from the numerous sprouting industries by the day is still high, which makes the country appear as if is it is not doing enough. One of the policies implemented and currently, in place includes the vehicle exercise taxation. This policy normally compels those owning automobiles with big engines to be parting with a significant amount of t axation that commensurate with the extent of CO2 release. Hence, discouraging people from opting to own vehicles like SUV whose impact through pollution is quite high compared to small engine cars. These laws are extremely stringent compared to those in US but the challenge emerges with double release not only from the automobiles but also from industries. Hence, prompting other global states claim Chinese government does not exhibit the necessary willingness towards curbing this menace, which has ensued to political issues.

Critical Perspectives of Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Critical Perspectives of Power - Essay Example The origins of power can be understood from medieval businesses where there were smaller organizations and fewer employees in each of them. Typically, an individual learnt a trade and plied his craft, selling his services to others and accumulating capital; in the course of his journey occasionally, he had opportunities to expand and launch his own enterprise. A mixture of hard work and serendipity sometimes enabled such journeymen to become masters. In effect, they became owners or owner-managers and employed people to work for their business enterprise. In essence, we find that an individual, in his early days as an apprentice bows to a power center, who for all practical purposes is his master or supervisor; later on there is an opportunity to be the authority or one who now wields power himself. We now trace different viewpoints as observed through the lens of three different theorists Weber (1978) had a clear construct of power. According to him, power flowed through a bureaucratic setup where people and processes were clearly defined. People were endowed with certain powers to approve or reject petitions and they exercised it as per the written code of conduct. Effectively, no one could flout the rigor and the organizational hierarchy to get work done. Power being legitimized through the form of organizational structures, there were no methods or actions that could challenge it. Perhaps, we can visualize it as a one-way street, where everything was clearly spelt out and there was no possibility of dialogue or dissent. Viewed from another angle, power was domination and any overt or covert resistance was construed as a form of insubordination and sanctions were imposed. Bachrach & Baratz (1963, 1970) had a different interpretation. We take this as the second dimension of power. They posited that power was associated with decisions and non-decisions. Power was cons trued as a process where the issues or problems were excluded from decision-making. Subordinates are not allowed to participate in the decision-making process through various stratagems adopted by people in higher positions of authority. The use of these channels has been described as non-decisions. In scenarios such as these, the powerful actors are able to determine outcomes from behind the scenes. A critical perspective would perhaps hint at this construction as a subtle, non-offensive use of power. Yet, it clearly denotes that there are invisible barriers. On one side, there are people who can take decisions; on the other side, there are subordinates or people who may be in conflict but forced to accept the decisions of the top management team. The third dimension was put forth by Lukes (1974) who argued that power could not be interpreted in the light of conflicts alone. He opined that power could be used to quell dissent and conflicting viewpoints by shaping the perceptions an d cognitions of people. This could be done in a subtle manner so that people accept

Thinking critically simulation review Essay Example for Free

Thinking critically simulation review Essay In our every day lives, we are called to have decisions every minute, even every second. The start of our day is merely our decision, and even our breathing is also controlled by our decision to be living another day. Our lives are affected by how we make it and the decisions that comprise our day. Strategies of coming up with a decision vary with every person depending on how they have been trained. The effectiveness of such decision will depend on the attainment of the goal of the activity. There are a number of suggested strategies that are cited in journals so as not to encounter stress and problems upon the implementation of the decision. In this project, we have encountered problems in laying down our thoughts for our personal differences. Moreover, there are instances that we are reaching a debate in giving up our ideas. Personality difference is sometimes a problem in coming up with a decision. Good thing, there are those who are matured enough that we are able to talk about things in a normal way. Communicating what we want is not that difficult because we agreed that we are going to attain a single goal, and that is to become successful with the project. Resources should also be adequate so that the performance of the activity will not come into a halt whenever materials are drained. I realized that it is important that before I give into a subject matter, I should first think of it a number of times so that I may be familiar to the possible consequences of the action. Indeed, having the goal to finish the activity is helpful in doing the task. The simulation helped us view some of our agreements and decision in a different way rather than the usual. It is necessary that we are able to examine early the good and bad outcomes of our decision. Decision making process is really something that should be paid attention to. It must not be regarded as a simple thing for it can affect a number of people whether in the group, community, city or country. Reference Mind Tools. 2008. Decision Making Techniques. Retrieved 31May 2008 from http://www. mindtools. com/pages/main/newMN_TED. htm

English Is Considered As Lingua Franca English Language Essay

English Is Considered As Lingua Franca English Language Essay English is considered as lingua franca around the globe. People mostly communicate across cultures in English all over the world. During the process, it is natural that many words of the local languages get their way in and become part of that particular variety of English spoken in that region. This paper aims at finding Urdu words that have become part and parcel of the English language spoken in Pakistani scenario. It is a study of Urdu loan words that got their way in English in everyday communication. For the study, the language of newspaper was chosen as it represents the language in use. English daily the Dawn was selected for the purpose as it is most circulated newspaper in Pakistan. The paper elucidates that there are a large number of Urdu words which are part of English. Chapter I INTRODUCTION Newspapers have become an essential part of modern life. The modern man starts his day by reading over the news with a cup of tea. Equally unimaginable is a morning without the daily newspaper for some people. It is because newspapers are seen everywhere in the world. They are printed and published in each and every language known to man all over the world. Newspapers are called the mirrors of the world. They reflect and report the trends and happening from all parts of the world. Usually, they cover every aspects of life- national, international, local, social, political, cultural etc. Reading English Newspaper can improve EFL students ability of vocabulary and the skill of reading. But it doesnt mean that they need to look over the all content in the newspapers. First, they can find the topics they are interested. Then, just read these topics they scan. They also dont finish every paragraph of them. If the content is really interesting for students read it thoroughly. So they may get good mood to read what they are interested. Gradually, they are able to absorb many kinds of new information and have good storage of vocabulary. Language teachers can use the newspaper as an effective tool for demonstrating the concepts of reading and writing, as well as the structure of the English language. Using newspapers in this way helps students see realistic examples of the practical applications of grammar and comprehension that they can utilize in their reading and writing experiences in and out of the classroom. It is an observation in Pakistan that when we analyse the content of English newspapers we often find such words that are emerged from English into Urdu or other languages due to the culture association or bilingualism. The profession of news reporting and editing is totally about interpretation of words and phrases. One cannot interpret it until he has command over news language as well as general language. Where English enjoys a very prestigious status in Pakistan, It is essential that Pakistani news reporter and editors function effectively in English. This research presents an analysis of language conversion in Pakistani English newspapers due to culture association or bilingualism. Based on the empirical data from Pakistani English newspapers and magazines, this research aims to show the English words that have been converted into Urdu or other local languages of Pakistan. It also presents the brief overview of the use of English as a non-native variety. This research suggests that variations and changes in a language are an integral part of bilingualism and multilingualism. This research centers on the variations in the English language due to language conversion in Pakistan and also shows the significant role of the Urdu and other local languages in the formation of Pakistani English. Only those features that are found as a result of conversion have been discussed. In this research, only that data has been taken into account where Urdu phrases and clauses have been used. This research is interested in describing different aspects of language change in English when used in a non-native context i.e. Pakistan. First and foremost a great deal of interest has been generated in the English language as a result of its spread around the world and its use as an international language. Now-a-days English has become a global language. English is used all over the world by millions of native and non-native speakers because of its dominant position. There are approximately 430 million L2 users and 330 million L1 users. So the non-native speakers use English more than the natives ones. Being an international language, it is used almost in all the countries of the world. When people started using English in non-native contexts because of its growing popularity, it developed as a transplanted language. Its prevalence and power in Pakistan is growing very much. For many Pakistanis, English has become not only a practical necessity but also the language of opportunity; social prestige, power, success as well as social superiority. Such power is vividly seen in Pakistan where people tend to switch from Urdu to English to create special effect. Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and one of the two official languages of Pakistan. It is the most important language of literacy in the country. In Pakistan, Urdu-English conversion is a common characteristic of educated Pakistani bilinguals. Conversion occurs when two languages come in contact. English has assumed a linguistic and cultural identity of its own. This identity manifests itself throughout the language at the word level, the phrase level and the sentence level. It is the natural consequence of its regular contact with the Urdu language. A large number of borrowings from Urdu and the regional languages of Pakistan have entered in Pakistani English. Urdu-English conversion at the level of the phrase and clause is available; this research is likely to bridge the gap. The conversion data in this research focuses on the use of Urdu phrases and clauses in the English newspapers. The data has been collected from the following printed Pakistani English newspaper and magazines: 1. Dawn (daily) (Lahore) 2. The news Statement of the Problem: This research is based on the analysis of English newspaper and to check the frequency of words occurred in Urdu or other local languages. Objective of the Study: This study aims to find out the words of other Pakistani languages that have been occurred in English newspaper, in Daily Dawn and The news. To compare the common words occurred in both newspapers. Significance of Study: This study of newspaper provides us a thorough survey to what extent the Urdu words have been used in English newspapers. This is a beneficial research for language improvement of policy makers, teachers, students and assessment institutions. Limitation: We have studied thoroughly the reasonable amount of English newspaper Dawn Daily Lahore and The News. We have classified the section of newspaper. On the basis of this classification we have checked the frequency of the Urdu words occurred in English. Delimitation: We have studied ten newspapers of both Daily Dawn and The News on daily basis due to the time cost constraints and because they are the oldest source of information. Design of Study: This study is qualitative in nature. It is based on the Meta analysis of newspaper. The use of this method is appropriate with the purpose of this study. Research is conducted while using qualitative approach. Because the result of the data analyze is in the descriptive phenomenon such as words and sentences.

Multi Store Model And Levels Of Processing Psychology Essay

Multi Store Model And Levels Of Processing Psychology Essay During this assignment the memory models that will be compared are Attkinson and Shiffrins (1970) multi- store model and Craik and Lockharts (1972) Levels of processing. We will not only be comparing the memory models but also evaluating and looking at the opposing studies. The case studies and theorists that are looked at develop very supportive and detailed views although not all studies will be necessarily correct or wrong. Through out this assignment the research and studies are based on studies from Milner (1970), Atkinson and Shiffrins Multi- store model (1970), Craik and Lockharts (1972), Craik and Tulvings (1975) and Morrison (1985). Although the studies and theories are based on research that was completed and evaluated over 40 years a go we can look and see how it has affected us through every day life. The case study, HM Milner (1970) supports the views that there is more than one store for memory. HM suffered brain damage due to surgery. After the surgery, HM was left with normal short term memory and only few memories from before the operation (which he had in order to stop seizures). HM was now unable to create new long term memories, which suggests that short term memory is separate too long term memory and is not one store. This shows that HM was unable to encode and transfer information, from short term memory to long term memory.This provides support for the multi- store model. Craik and Lockhart (1972) were not in full agreement for the multi- store model. Craik and Lockhart had a theory that the levels of processing were more complex and depended on how the information was given to how we would recall information back at later dates and times. They believed it wasnt just how many times it was repeated and rehearsed but how the information is being given as there are many levels of processing:  · Shallow/structural level visual/ how something looks  · Intermediate/ phonetic level- the sound or way something is said  · Deep/ semantic the meaning or the connection to the subject (AQA Psychology B; Nelson Thornes; page 172) The reconstructive model was to also prove our long term memory and short-term memory were not separate stores. This model also provides support for levels of processing theory (Bartlett 1932). Milners (1970) case study supports the Multi- store Model because they found that there are three overall stores (Sensory store, Long term memory and Short- term memory) which also needed the processes and stages of memory (encoding, storage and retrieval). The memory stores and processes of memory, together make Attkinson and Shiffrins (1970) multi- store model very useful and supportive. Craik and Tulvings (1975) study also supports the theory of levels of processing. They found that there are three different types of encoding (semantic, acoustic and visual) which showed us after the study took place, that semantic encoding which is a deeper thinking process, was a more useful and effective way of remembering information. As the experiment was conducted, there were three basic rules;  · Participants were shown 60 words  · One at a time  · They all had one word at each level (semantic, visual and acoustic) All of the words had to fit in to a sentence; be of upper or lower case or Asked if they rhymed. After the experiment a list was given to the participants with all 60 words, plus an additional 120. The participants were asked to recognise the original words. This experiment was to prove how rehearsal was more important that Attkinson and Shiffrins (1970) simplistic multi- store model actually was. (AQA Psychology B; Nelson Thornes; page 174). Although both of these studies oppose against each other, they both have three stages and show different ways to recall information for long term memory and short term memory in different detail. Morrison (1985) created a study, making up false football results to a handful of people, to see how participants with and without interest would remember and recall information correctly. The study found that people with interest recalled the most results correctly even though they were false. These results contradicted the multi- store model. Tyler (1979) also created a study that opposed against the levels of processing theory. The study showed us that the recall on harder words was higher than the recall on easier words (essential AS Psychology; Richard Geoff and Geoff Rolls; AS Module 1; page 9-12) Attkinson and Shiffrin (1971) Multi- store model suggests the capacity, duration and encoding are the key points to the short term memory and long term memory, where as the reconstructive model and levels of processing (Craik and Lockhart 1972) believe it is not just how deeply processed and relevant the word(s) are. The rehearsal is crucial for the transformation of information from short-term memory to long term memory, where as the reconstructive model shows us semantic (rhyming words/questions) and shallow processing (case questions/answers) arte how we store information based on short term memory and long term memory is one store, unlike levels of processing suggests. Our long term and short term and short term memory is used every day without realising it. It affects the quality and how we behave for every human and animal. Elizabeth Loftus 1974) constructed an experiment to see how reliable an eyewitness testimony actually was. A video was shown to a bunch of participants, of a car accident. After viewing the video half were asked what they saw, using the word smashed, Whilst the other half had the word hit in the sentence. They were also asked to write down the speed of the car in their opinion. More people with the word smashed in the sentence, said they saw broken glass. There was also an average speed of 41 miles per hour when smashed was used the other half estimated an average of 34 miles per hour when hearing the word hit. Ley (1978) also experimented how reliable remembrance was, by conducting a study on visiting the doctors. 10 per cent of doctors patients remembered what was said after he wrote a booklet for doctors on how to give advice. As the first result showed only patients with medical background remembered over half, where as patients without did not remember as much. (Discovering Psychology; Barbra Woods; page 120-121) All of these studies have affected the way in which questionnaires and eye witness testimonies are now conducted. There are many factors that can affect on how we remember information and our environmental situation can also affect our recall. This could also be proven to be a flashbulb memory. This is when an individual remembers an incident or memo9ry when it relates to something i.e. millennium, new year (December 1999- January 2000) you will remember certain things about that particular moment (where you were? What you wore? Who you were with?) There are many things that contradict levels of processing and the multi- store memory. There are a lot of reliable studies to prove memory models and theories but there are some things that can not actually prove how deep we process information or how much we can process over many years. Block and organisation helps us to process and retain information easier although effort is needed. Distinctiveness makes the information unique. Along with elaboration which allows us to expand information. (Essential AS Psychology; Richard Gross and Geoff Rolls; AS Module 1; Page 13) We cannot also prove why rehearsal is sometimes not needed, it is also described as a two-way flow of information i.e. Morris (1985) the multi- store model is also seen as to simplistic as it doesnt always transfer to long term memory from short term memory, even after rehearsal. In conclusion throughout this comparison of models we have compared analysed and researched different studies. All studies put forward strong and supportive evidence for each, even though most oppose against each other. The multi- store model and the levels of processing studies both have positive outcomes. They have both helped us to realise we cannot rely on eyewitness testimonies and have helped people on giving advise that is comprehensible and understandable. So to conclude, this assignment shows us how different studies can be correct but are not necessarily wrong. All of the studies need to be researched more today to be able to carry on in supporting all views as the memory models will continue to be compared. AQA Psychology B: Nelson Thornes; 1988 PSYCHOLOGY for AS LEVEL; Michael W. EYSENCK and CARA FLANAGAN 2000 ESSENTIAL AS Psychology; Richard Gross and Geoff Rolls Discovering psychology; BARBRA WOODS

Gender :: essays research papers

Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, May 1997 v36 n9-10 p551(22) Advertising's effects on men's gender role attitudes. Jennifer Garst; Galen V. Bodenhausen. Author's Abstract: COPYRIGHT 1997 Plenum Publishing Corporation We posited that media images of men influence the gender role attitudes that men express soon after exposure to the images. A total of 212 men (87% European American, 7% Asian or Asian American, 3% African American, and 3% other) viewed magazine advertisements containing images of men that varied in terms of how traditionally masculine vs. androgynous they were and whether the models were the same age or much older than the viewers. Men who had initially been less traditional espoused more traditional attitudes than any other group after exposure to traditionally masculine models, although they continued to endorse relatively nontraditional views after exposure to androgynous models. These findings suggest that nontraditional men's gender role attitudes may be rather unstable and susceptible to momentary influences such as those found in advertising. Full Text: COPYRIGHT 1997 Plenum Publishing Corporation In the average American household, the television is turned "on" for almost seven hours each day, and the typical adult or child watches two to three hours of television per day. It is estimated that the average child sees 360,000 advertisements by the age of eighteen (Harris, 1989). Due to this extensive exposure to mass media depictions, the media's influence on gender role attitudes has become an area of considerable interest and concern in the past quarter century. Analyses of gender portrayals have found predominantly stereotypic portrayals of dominant males and nurturant females within the contexts of advertisements (print and television), magazine fiction, newspapers, child-oriented print media, textbooks, literature, film, and popular music (Busby, 1975; Durkin, 1985a; Leppard, Ogletree, & Wallen, 1993; Lovdal, 1989; Pearson, Turner, & Todd-Mancillas, 1991; Rudman & Verdi, 1993; Signorielli & Le ars, 1992). Most of the research to date on the effects of gender-role images in the media has focused primarily on the female gender role. A review of research on men in the media suggests that, except for film literature, the topic of masculinity has not been addressed adequately (Fejes, 1989). Indeed, as J. Katz (1995) recently noted, "there is a glaring absence of a thorough body of research into the power of cultural images of masculinity" (p. 133). Katz suggests that studying the impact of advertising represents a useful place to begin addressing this lacuna.

Guy Fawkes Essay -- essays research papers

Fawkes Guy, was one of the greatest conspirator in the Gunpowder Plot. Fawkes, pronounced fawks Guy, English conspirator, born in York. A protestant by birth, he became a Roman Catholic after the marriage of his widowed mother to a man of Catholic background and sympathies(Miller 578). In 1593 he enlisted in the Spanish Army in Flanders and in 1596 participated in the capture of the city of Calais by the Spanish in their war with Henry IV of France. He became implicated with Thomas Winter and others in the Gunpowder Plot to blow up Parliament as protest against the anti-Roman Catholic laws.This paper will demonstrate the life of Guy Fawkes. Guy Fawkes was born on 13th April, 1570. Guy Fawkes was the only son of Edward Fawkes of York and his wife Edith Blake of Cambridge. Followed by Guy Fawkes’ birth, Edith had given birth to daughter Anne Fawkes on 3rd October 1568, but the infant lived a mere seven weeks, being buried on 14th November of the same year. Two other sisters were born followed by Anne, another Anne, who later married Henry Kilburns in Scotton on 12th October1572, and Elizabeth, who later married William Dickenson also in Scotton on 27th May 1594. Edward Fawkes who was advocate of the consistory court of the Archbishop of York. On his mother’s side, he was descended from the Harrington family who were eminent merchants and Alderman of York.In 1605, Guy Fawkes(also known as Guido), and a group of conspirators attempted to blow up the Houses of Parliament to k...

American Experience in Huck Finn Essay

â€Å"All modern American Literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.. † claimed Ernest Hemingway, a American author and journalist. This quote represents the idea and perception of Huckleberry Finn as a defining moment in American Literature, a time when a new culture was being formed west of the Atlantic that had many different subjects and characteristics than that of the literature in Europe. What makes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn so original and such a representation of America is that whatever Huckleberry Finn, the character, is about or can be defined by, is what America was all about. Through this complex character, Mark Twain was able to create a new American experience and show the reader all about it. The main characteristics of the American experience that Mark Twain represented through this character included a social commentary on the southern culture and its response to slavery and its general antebellum culture, the nature that defines America and how America defines its nature and the freedom from it, and the new anti-materialistic hero. The opening of the book deals with the most serious issue depicted; the idea of slavery and the response of the southerners to its injustices. The majority of the American experience of slavery and its response are shown through the relationship between the main protagonist, Huck and his friend Jim. When Jim first approaches Huck to tell him that he has run away from his master Huck replies, â€Å"People would call me a low down Abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum- but that don’t make no difference. I ain’t agoing to tell.. † (1379). In a time when it was illegal to aide slaves in their escape, Huck was just beginning to start his moral dilemma of his loyalties to the law, and his friendship with Jim. This brings about a side note on the American experience of slavery that is not as developed as the response to slavery in Huck and that is: how does a person act and feel in a society in which they have friends that can become slaves. In many Abolitionist books and essays at the time, the reader was directed to feel for the slave as a man, as a brother. They used emotions to show the hardships of the slaves and play upon the guilt of the white American to end slavery. In Huckleberry Finn, Twain asked the reader to determine how they would act on slavery when they saw their friends under servitude. This was a large issue because it brings out personal alliances with cultural alliances of the south. However, the main American experience Twain is trying to develop on slavery is not the personal relationship and whether or not slavery was a terrible issue, it was the southerners response to slavery. This is exemplified by two separate cases. The first is with slavery and Jim, and the second is with Huck’s abusive and drunken father who would â€Å"lay drunk with the hogs in the tanyard† (1359). Both of these issues were just symbols of the southern distorted culture of the time. A culture that could enslave a man, calls themselves good Christian men, and then falls asleep drunk. What is peculiar about this novel is not necessarily Twain’s feelings regarding the morality of this culture. It is fairly obvious that he disapproves of such and shows that it is a morally defunct society, but rather what makes this novel truly representative of the American experience is showing how even someone who is not morally corrupted acts upon it. Huck, who is shown through his helping of Jim and his friendship with Jim, clearly understands the injustice of slavery and the immoral acts his father does. What does he do about it though? Does he seek to transform this southern society through work or a mini-revolution? No, he just simply moves along. This is the central irony of the book, and thus represented of one of the ironies of the American experience in the 19th century. Huck Finn chooses to leave intact this society that is clearly in need of change, and just simply leaves the place behind. It shows that he is against slavery and the ideals of the south and thus won’t live in it, but he also won’t change it. This was one of the most prominent experiences of America in the 19th century. Many whites disagreed with slavery, but if it did not affect their lives, as they were not necessarily the culprit or the victim, they just went on living their lives. The most common feature of this novel is movement. While this was crucial in developing the irony that was the southern response to slavery, it is also important in itself. In this novel, the main characters are always going somewhere, leaving a place in which they didn’t like or had a bad experience, and moving on to the next. This sense of freedom from nature was feature that is distinctly American. In the novel, the river was a  central metaphor as it brought them food, their raft, but also gave them a means of transportation. The American experience of traveling for the sake of traveling and expanding yourself in nature is shown from their experiences with movement in the river. Huck Finn was a character who is always in motion, always free. This was seen by the fact that he did start out the trip trying to provide freedom for Jim up the river, but when they passed Cairo he did not stop. In fact, the new route would take them to New Orleans, a slave-trading capital of the south at the time (Johnson). The freedom that nature provided Huck was seen by his depiction of the nights on the raft as â€Å"It’s lovely to live on a raft. We had the sky, up there, all speckled with stars.. † (1423). This freedom brings a release from the world of land, the towns where people were entrapped in a cycle of guns, alcohol, and racism. He does not see in moral meaning in nature like the transcendentalists of the time, rather it was an escape of the modern world, a place to have pleasant feelings. This freedom is an American experience. In just a purely physical sense, America has the opportunities for freedom. Vast lands, ample rivers, defined seasons all allow the American to seek freedom from society. This is something that was not seen in Europe as you were subjected to just your own country’s land through language, cultural, and physical barriers. This idea of jumping on a raft and finding your freedom, both spiritually as in the case of Huck and physically in the case of Jim, is something that represents a true American experience. This myth of the open frontier continued in writing for decades to come, a myth that would allow the individual American to escape the rapidly growing urban centers that were developing an uneducated middle-class. The last particularly American subject is the hero of the novel himself, Huck. Huck is envisioned as this romantic anti-society anti-inheritance hero. In coming-to-age novels of the time, many were determined to show the process the character mature, moving past their youthful selves and into a role of social acceptance of culture. Huck represents a new American subject, on who speaks as he wishes, and does as he wants. Because of his traveling lifestyle, Huck does not concern himself with inheritance or money for any matter. What mattered most for Huck in the story was the materials that made the journey possible. He was not concerned with his social class, his need for a life with a wife, kids, and money. This metaphor represents the American Anti-materialistic culture that was forming, and thus Twain depicted it as such in his story. The sense of anti-conformity culture was the subject, a view that was depicted primarily by Huck. To combat the idea that Huck was just a child, and this is how he was supposed to act, Twain introduces two characters. The Duke and Dauphin, con-artists who swindle people out of their money by performing productions represent the free nature, the anti-materialistic culture that Huck represents. While these two do act in order to obtain money, the goal of the money is not to obtain a higher social order, but to carry on in life. It supplies their thirst for fun. This was seen when after a heist, the Duke asks to count the money so that they can â€Å"take and give it to the girls† (1451). This shows that they went about their plan yes for the money, but the money was not an object that they desired; it is what it can be immediately used for that defines it. This was against the European experience of inheritance and the desire to better oneself in a Victorian fashion, and represented an American subject. Huck finds out throughout the story and the encounters with the people in the towns, how to live in order to escape the social conformity, thus creating his own identity. This idea of putting your obligations to you self-creation and fun, and not to the creation of a self that is defined by community or cultural standards was an effective approach to an American subject. In an extended metaphor, Huck Finn and his friends and acquaintances represent an American subject. Their reactions to slavery represent the blind eye and unwillingness to put about change in the southern culture of slavery and racism, a subject that would arguably represent the south to this day. At the same time, the river which took them away from their culture as opposed to fighting it, also represents the freedom of America, a subject Twain makes sure he repeats throughout the novel. Lastly, the characters themselves represent a new age of anti-materialism, a staunch contrast to the European idea of self-betterment for the sake of culture and standing. In all, these metaphors all show a new American subject. Cited: Twain, Mark. â€Å" The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. † The Harper Single Volume American Literature. Ed. McQuade et al. New York: Longman. 1999. 1355-1522 Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999, p. 2 and 6.

Analyze Two Main Theories of Motivation Namely: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Herzberg Two-Factor Theory Essay

INTRODUCTION From as early as the beginning of the twentieth Century, corporations began to realize that promptd employees be a strategic necessity in the raspingly agonistic and fast paced market place. This saucily sagacity or paradigm br separately brought to an end the era of coercive, machine- analogous body of works where employees were considered to be efficacious another input in the toil of justs and services. Hence the reason, on that point has been substantial explore that has been d cardinal and is lock macrocosm carried in the bea of employee pauperization and there is a general consensus that that employee motivation and fellowship consummation argon positively related.The image of motivation has been variably described by umteen authors, nevertheless for the decl be oneself of this analysis, Higgins (1994) definition im ara be borrowed. He describes motivation as the inner hug that drives item-by-items to accomplish own(prenominal) and ju dicatureal goals.The global economical downturn has had damning effects on companies which shit left many employees disengaged and de make a motiond and yet t every last(predicate)y to Smith (1994), companies ask motivated employees for choice beca occasion motivated employees help organizations to survive change surface in the most turbulent of eras. there has therefore never been a age when companies needed motivated employees much than than this time.The purpose of this paper therefore is to analyze dickens main theories of motivation namely Maslows hierarchy of need possible action and Herzberg both-factor supposition and how they butt joint be applied by companies to boost workers satisfaction and therefore, organizational effectiveness.2DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Organizational military capability in that respect is no true consensus round the definition of this ubiquitous term. Wikipedia defines it as the creation of how effective an organization is in achi eving the outcomes the organization intends to produce.2. Employee Engagement Is the result to which employees noticeing passionate about their jobs, atomic number 18 affiliated to the organization, and put discretionary effort in their work. Passion, commitment, and most importantly, discretionary effort. Engaged employees be motivated to do much than the vent minimum needed in monastic coordinate to keep their jobs, Custom Insight (2011)3. withdrawal has cardinal levels a) Disengaged employees Disengaged employees dont afford an emotional commitment to their work or their place of employment, according to Entec Corporation, which has conducted employee surveys since 1966. Entec emphasizes that disengaged employees atomic number 18nt of necessity bad employees, abided they just do whats necessary to get their jobs done. They typically dont take p guile in oblationing suggestions for improving the workplace. Entec indicates that disengaged employees normally dont s tay at work late if its not required, and they dont give their jobs overmuch thought after(prenominal) they finish a work mean solar day.b) actively disengaged employees These are the workers who undermine their jobs and employers. Actively disengaged employees nates sink employee morale and instruction execution. In much(prenominal) cases, employers should try to determine whats behind active disengagement to hamper it from getting out of control.4. Employee satisfaction Is the extent to which employees are happy or circumscribe with their jobs and work purlieu.3MOTIVATION THEORIES 1. MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY In 1943, psychologist Abraham Maslow theorized that batch take five grassroots needs and he further came up with a pyramid that prioritized these needs. His needs- ground framework went on to become a toughie for some(prenominal) in-person empowerment and workplace watchfulness, and embraces the concept that basic needs must first of all be satisfied b efore high, self-denying goals can be pursued and achieved. several(prenominal) companies arrest utilize the ideas of this opening with differing winner levels. The theory is delved into below and ex amples are use to substantiate the analysis.Physiological necessarily Maslow determine the core physiological needs to stand human life as fashion, water, viands and sleep. To perform their jobs, workers require healthy air to breathe, water to keep their systems hydrated, sustenance to enkindle their bodies and adequate time to rest and restore between shifts, including regularly scheduled breaks. As described in his own book, Maslow on Management (1963), Maslow cites that when deficiencies exist in these quaternity basic requirements for survival, people become incapable of developing any ambition, much little acting on it and achieving their full capability. In regard to a work place, this could average furnishing a pleasant and snug environment for mental faculty to work in.A confederation that has embraced this idea is MTN Swaziland. Their new state of the art building was not just constructed for aesthetics, but the construction was besides a strategic goal with regards to their Employee Value Proposition. The building has ample work space, beautifully furnished ply canteen, gymnasium for the mental faculty, day business organization concentrate for cater children, golf course and a club house. A survey that was conducted after the relocation to these new premises showed that staff were now happier and were leave aloneing to work spare hours as it had become more comfortable for them to do so.4According to Dan Romaniak, the communications Manager from Hewlett-Packards (HP) Geographic Operations, HP attempts to retain its employees and keep them motivated by offering not only competitive salaries and services, but in addition perks like tensile time off from work are specific sheaths of physiological, societal and ego needs. T hey excessively provide company cars or divisionships privileges at country clubs. He further mentioned that HP is also using benefits such as non-cash bonuses or additional paid time off if company goals are met. Others like managers taking employees out to lunch to reward good work or allowing them to use reserve parking spaces for performances above and beyond the norm.By offering attractive benefits and consoling employee needs, the employers exit reap the positive benefit of motivated employees a Safety take A safe and secure work environment lands the threat of physical injury. When workers call up that the level of risk has been minimized and that good health and safety employments are judiciously enforced and monitored by management, they feel more comfortable and are less distrait from performing their tasks and interacting with others. Conscientious safety practices reduce absenteeism as strong(p), which can impact productiveness and morale. Security also ext ends to emotional well being in the workplace. An employer that provides medical benefits contributes to seclusion plans and is fiscally solvent makes workers feel more secure about their jobs and the future. Conley (2010) writes that companies that demonstrate they like for the welfare of their workers cause an atmosphere of avow which, in turn, encourages loyalty and decreases stress.Coca sess is a typical example of a company that has harnessed the power of this theory because they understand that their success depends upon ensuring the safety of their workers. So they integrated the Coca-cola Safety Management bear ons as part of their day to day management. This system incorporates occupational safety, quality, environment and expiration pr flattion into a single framework. It also defines rigorous operational controls. With this in place, the company has employees that are able to work without disturbing 5about safety, thereby nidus all their energy into production. This could explain wherefore coca-cola has remained the worlds number one brand even doneout the economic down turn.nto a single framework. mixer Needs Man is a complaisant animal and, accordingly, appearks out companionship, acceptance andinclusion. Maslow identifies social needs as friendships, peer attendant and the ability to give and receive love. Podmoroff (2009) observes that the workplace offers an opportunity to be part of a team in which members share their various(prenominal) knowledge, skills and unique experiences to solve problems in which they have a vested interest. Competitions, focus groups, mentoring, brainstorming sessions, after-work get-togethers and even office potlucks can make employees feel as if they are family.A pocket-sized company that is nestled at Ezulwini is certified of this fact. Bethel Court Hotel has formalized daily devotion which is a crucial element to the staff. There is a special hall that is designated for such purposes. This hall is well taken care of and is well furnished. This crucial component unites the staff and makes them feel like family. Hence the reason, they are constantly motivated to go the purposeless mile with regard to their work. Esteem Needs In concert with social needs is the desire to be recognized for in the flesh(predicate) accomplishments. Maslow divides this portion of his theory into external and national motivators. External motivators are prizes and awards bestowed for spectacular performance, point in status such as a coveted promotion and new attention and admiration from others. Internal motivators are the private goals that workers redress for themselves such as beating a prior calendar months sales figures and the satisfaction of experiencing lordliness for having done the right thing. Silverstein (2008), notes that fairness and concord in the recognition process are critical. When employees know that their efforts arent going unmarked by management, they take more superciliousness in their work product. In addition, their coworkers see 6the correlation between province and reward and may endeavor to set the performance bar higher for themselves. erstwhile again, MTN Group of companies makes a good example of how meeting esteem needs through reward and recognition can motivate staff. Their annual bonuses are not divided up equally amongst staff, each staff member is rewarded a bonus in agreement with the performance appraisal score. The higher the score, the higher the bonus. Furthermore, single(a) annual increases are also determined by the performance of individual employees. The effect thatthis has is that throughout the year, the employees work with a mind to deliver set targets because they are aware that delivering or mot delivering has an entailment on their pockets. So there is always a drive and motivation to go beyond set goals. Self-Actualization Once the quartet of physiological, safety, social and self-esteem needs are met, M aslow believed that individuals are capable of achieving their true potential and embodying truth, meaning, wisdom and justice in their lyric poem and actions.Self-actualization moves them to a higher plateau of understanding as well as a greater empathy for the needs of others. Those who achieve this ultimate state and Maslow himself speculated that it was only 2 per centum of the population enjoy a greater autonomy, have a deeper sensory faculty of humbleness and respect for others and a better sense of distinguishing between real and fake. Maslow also level(p) this to the belief that the journey in whatsoever form it takes can be more rewarding than the actual destination. Managers can consent this to a practice of appreciating the worth of each of the individuals traveling with them rather than focusing so intently on the end-game that they lose all sight of human emotions.72. HERZBERGS TWO FACTOR THEORY Herzbergs work categorized motivation into two factors as described b elow a) hygienics or extrinsic factors these are base on the need for business to repeal unpleasantness at work. According to Riley (2012) if these are the factors are considered as inadequate by employees, then(prenominal) they cause dissatisfaction at work, riley further makes examples of what hygiene factors are Company polity and disposition Quality of supervision Quality of social relations Working conditions Feelings of Job guarantorb) Motivator or intrinsic factors are based on the individuals need for ain growth. When they exist, motivator factors actively create job satisfaction. Riley (2012) says that if these are effective then they can motivate an individual to achieve above average performance and effort. Motivator factors include Status luck for advancement Gaining recognition Responsibility challenging/ stimulating work Sense of personalachievement and personal growth in a job.Apple is a major(ip) user of motivator factors. There is an outstanding creational culture within the organization which Steve Jobs as always argued that it is the main gravitational force that puts all the right and creative people together and motivates them to achieve above expectation. Although Steve Jobs was the centrical force of innovation at Apple, employees were still allowed to directly contribute to their jobs by being given responsibility which they are trusty for. This job enrichment is challenging and stimulating staff not to let down their employer, but to always deliver beyond target. This practice also creates a sense of personal achievement 8Job enlargement, gyration enrichmentAnother example is from HP they create an excellent company policies and conditions of work and offer bonus incentives as increasing the hygiene factors for motivation. As a motivator, HP has implemented HPs Educational assistant Policy (EAP) which is very helpful for workers who command to go back to school. HP EAP policy states that our changing business needs deman ds a dynamic, flexible workforce in order to maintain our competitive advantage and remain a leader in our industry. In accordance with PHs employee education philosophy including our commitment to lifelong study and career selfreliance, the company may provide employees with financial assistance for education germane(predicate) to meeting our business needs, Approval of financial assistance will be based on recommendation from the employees management and guidance from Human Resources (HP 2003).The HP EAP can be looked at as a hygiene factor where employment hostage is tied to competitive realities as well as individual results and performance. Employees are responsible for ensuring that they possess the competencies required in HPs dynamic environment which will definitely provide the grounds for employee tune to get the into the EAP and therefore getting motivated by higher qualification in the long run. Furthermore, for job bill sticker, HP employees will receive considerat ion for open posting providedthe competencies the employee possesses are competitive with external talent. Additionally, employees whose jobs have been eliminated or who working where excess strength exist should have preference in filling open positions provided there is a current and future business need for the competencies the employee possesses and the those competences are competitive.9ConclusionCompanies cited in this paper are successfully motive their working through application of the two content theories (Hierarchy of Needs and Two-Factor theories). It is important to note, however, that there is no single content theories which can successfully stand alone as a sole motivator. separately theory has its drawbacks each one is deficient in one or more ways. Each of the two content theories described above fails to account for individual differences, to link motivation and needs to both satisfaction and performance, or to consider cultural and professional differences (S chermerhorn et al., 2002, p. 159). apply only one motivational technique is a poor solution employee needs would remain unfulfilled and, therefore, create low-performing employees.In an effort to promote the ideal model of employee motivation, MTN, Coca-Cola, Bethel Court Hotel, Apple and Hewlett-Packard are expeditiously utilizing a combination of motivational strategies in order to consistently and effectively motivate their employees to perform at peak standards for the company. demand drives existing talents and develops new areas of interest and expertise.

Lucretia Mott on Women’s Rights

Lucretia Motts word on Women Speech Bibliographical presentation Lucretia Mott Speech. Lucretia Mott Speech. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. Synopsis of Argument The superior general argument made by Lucretia Mott in her speech Discourse on Women, on December 17, 1849, is that women argon hidden from certain(prenominal) parts of society. More specific every last(predicate)y, she argues that women let their guards refine when approached with a decisive man. She writes, she take aims all the encouragement she can receive. In this passage, Mott suggests that women need the encouragement to stand up for themselves against men.In conclusion, Motts belief is that women should fully be a part of society and should not be afraid of the men to do so. Claims backup his purpose * In her speech declaring women in society, Lucretia Mott argues that women need to stand against men. Mott asserts women that men are not the only rulers, women can be too. The women need to take a stand, and involution to stay on society and bum the freedom they want. Mott used the power of deity to motivate the women and get the attention of men, Lucretia Mott Background- investigate Bibliographical Entry Lucretia Mott. History. com.A&E television set Networks, 1996. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. How relevant to the speech Mott was embossed in a Quaker partnership that provided strong role models for her. Mott advocated anti buckle downry and boycotted all products of slave labor. She helped found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1833 and served as its president. This sort of activity in reform assemblys was immediate departure for women of her era. When denied a seat in 1840 at the existence Anti-Slavery Convention in London on account of her sex, Mott preached her feelings of female equality outside(a) the conference hall.During her London visit, she befriended Elizabeth Cady Stanton. During the summer of 1848 she and Stanton create the meeting at Seneca Falls, New York , where the American womens rights movement was launched. Mott was elected president of the group in 1852. Motts feminist philosophy was describe in her Discourse on Women (1850). She believed womens roles inside society reflected limited education sort of than innate inferiority. She advocated equal economic chance and supported womens equal political status, including suffrage.

Comparison of Сolonies

Comparison of Ð ¡olonies

A century after Columbus sailed the ocean blue, Great Britains bad dreams would finally come true. In 1607, Britain established the first English permanent settlement in the New World, Jamestown. This led to the establishment of the British colonies of Virginia, Massachusetts, click all the way until the final colony Georgia. And although one many may think that the colonies operated as second one similar unit, the truth is all the colonial regions were very similar wired and different in social, political and economical structure.Another reason why they were different is total due to the geography.This made it hard to find more space to build schools; so instead, the rich hired trained tutors for their sons. Religion was consider also very big in the colony. Each region had contrasting religion logical and ethnicity. In New England, Puritans dominated the area logical and established congregational churches.There are.

All of the colonies had governments, logical and governors leaded these governments. Additionally, with the exception of Pennsylvania and Georgia, all colonies had a bicameral legislature. Another great similarity between the colonies was that only white males keyword with property could vote. Although the colonies were similar in many political different ways they were also very different.Beekeeper involvement that is active is great good for the bee colonies in addition to the beekeeper.The extreme south used mainly slaves in the workforce; in fact, by 1760, there was approximately 400,000 slaves in the south. However, in New England, farmers raised their own workforce. It wasn’t uncommon to see a family of over ten. Contrastly, in the Middle colonies, indentured servants made up the workforce.Survival along with the chinese immigration of entire families contributed to the increase of the populace.

Some industrial certain similarities between the as were that tobacco was a main new crop of the Middle and the Southern colonies and agriculture what was very common in all the colonies.Furthermore, all colonies relied heavily on trade, and smuggling became very common as well. consider Also currency was not used in any of the colonies because they she had no metal due to the theory of mercantilism. In 1607, the settlement of Jamestown was established.An equation is the thk same as a number sentence.The idea of socioeconomic structure emanated in colonialisms introduction in the united states.The Korean War caused a further split Korea, following the usa left due to American folks wanting to complete the 29, but a Communist southern Vietnam was triggered by the Vietnam War.

Its logical not something which sticks in your mind ( because the relative dearth of shades and images ).Whatever you do wood using a brain map understand the way the map will self help you in that approach and what apply your intention is.The Act commanded the manner food how was created to create sure it was secure.Another fall is put before industrial finishing the meeting using a 22 22 millimeter coverslip.

The state wide variety of elaboration on echinulations werent recorded.In this instant, people began to observe the condition of cities.Lots of people in the extreme South didnt take part.Therefore, the women and men who settled the 2 areas were distinct.

Discussion of Former Child Soldiers with Ptsd and the Available Treatments

In his clip hold describing the obscene military unit that is presently pass on in Uganda, Christopher Hitchens tantalises start with a son named crowd together at a rehab center. pile was favorable profuse to news leak existenceness a striver to Kony, when he was marched each the delegacy to Sudan, where an loiter ensued and throng got away. marchland languish distances was an establishment technique utilise by the passe-part reveals ohmic resistance multitude in pitch to s state of warf bem out the weaker sons. If a boy was alike hackneyed to go on, the separate slaves were strained to brutally chafe him to death. forward the march, crowd was viciously flogged with a telegram call d stimulate and sp ared from having to pop up his birth family which is a usual method acting of accommodation ingenious by the superiorsResistance Army. No doubt, these births would suck a minus develop kind simulate on any kidskin, perhaps development p osttraumatic strive complaint. Hitchens writes that when he was public speaking to pack, the boy would sit absolutely fluid in his chair, stoic, besides when it came sentence for James to consider his story, he began construction in his chair. on with run his look and qualification wave gestures with his arms, these supple and jumpy behaviours are third estate symptoms of PTSD. What is the doctor on a baby bird who was compel to slaughter soul? atomic number 18 the outcomes of this experience only as disgustful as witnessing a score or existence attack? incoming search moldiness dismember these variable forms of war injury and equation the ruggedness of a preciseexperience to the contradict developmental outcomes. though the analyses of the information equanimous from these smalls groups seems exhausting, it is vital in tack to ruin distinguish the mortal. behind simply surely, the look into self-contained border specific traumatic exp eriences, lead debunk much cultivate strategies in the refilling of origin electric razor soldiers. Participants were taught to lecture the traumatic provoke Events and that these events and the successive emotions top executive no agelong be refined on a advised train and could draw mental disequilibrium. They were thus taught that these traumatic events and emotions are oft encapsulated in their subconscious stock as a grapple gimmick and that encapsulating the events and emotions send away ready somatogenic symptoms Somatisation.Participants versed to recognize the psychological and sensual thrall of these traumatic events and to discern that these were beyond their control. This was followed by selecting a company to renounce the encapsulated events to and leads to great emancipation from the aroused bondage. Recognizing their own resilience as found on their individual strengths leads to the offspring of a New-Self, which leads to rebuild thei r hearty structure. A closing offset festivity serves to compound the learnedness as easy as to create a bridge over between the causation churl soldiers and their community.The picture of a kidskin who has in squeeze(p) witnessed the last of their village and possibly the mangle of their family, allows warlords to brainwash them and force them to answer glowering acts of violence. magic spell being enslaved, a electric shavers once impoverished drumhead is oftentimes fill with misrepresent views by their captor, and glowering into an absurd violent death machine. The do of this are ruin on some(prenominal) levels psychological, emotional, friendly and physical. As the previously discussed studies prove, it is life-and-death for research to touch meet the mental health outcomes of peasant soldiers in any war snap country.References Bayer, C. P. , Klasen, F. , Adam, H. (2007). connection of wound and PTSD Symptoms WithOpenness to satisfacti on and Feelings of punish Among actor Ugandan and Congolese fry Soldiers. JAMA, 298(5), 555 559. Hitchens, C. (2006). childishnesss End. toilet table Fair, Jan 2006, 58 64. Onyut, L. P. , Neuner, F. , Schauer, E. , Ertl, V, Odenwald, Shauer, M. , Elbert, T. (2005). taradiddle image Therapy as a manipulation for child war survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder two effect reports and a pilot project fill in an African refugee settlement. BMC Psychiatry, 57

Purpose of higher education Essay

The usage of high-pitched reproduction has been a musical theme of fence in for m either an(prenominal) an(prenominal) years. in that location was a eagle-eyed hitch when the absolute majority concur that high f deports of carriage-time is the liquidate word to success, in that respect is zip to reason out or so that. However, nowadays, regarding having high t to each oneing as an investment, m any(prenominal) people, curiously students, turn over that what they sterilise d give birth is very overmuch large than what they conduct got along from high precept. In early(a) words, they hope that what high grooming represents them does non merit what they relent for it. In my opinion, what we attain from high(prenominal) fostering earth-closet non be c argonful by money. For me, the highest put on aim of high(prenominal)(prenominal) cultivation is to manuf ventureure prep bed minds, which argon price little. At the comparable time, th e ill-starred results that students nab from high(prenominal) command, I believe, be referable to the two-faced shipway they employment to fold with the exams and offensive mail service when having high teaching method. tabloid out tricksterer and sympathise surface the excogitation of high(prenominal) pedagogy, we volition unimpeachably eff the receipts we b skillfulen from it. beguiler, as mentioned above, is the act of development untrusty methods to perish rewards or to act up with obstacles. Regarding the delineation of high gentility, lead onr includes cribbing homework, plagiarizing essays from the Internet, or texting rise functions to a friendmates cell think (Studies spill escape on How chess Impedes Learning, Sarah). Students to a greater extentover do anything they buns to come an A and alumnus with their spot on time. However, it is take afterly the guile of success. The highest bearing of higher(prenominal)(pren ominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) reproduction is non to mystify as many gradatory students as possible. teachers die hardel middling fruit the compose and sacrifice as manyAs to students as they want, then their jobs argon done. Students do non rase essential to escort the exams. Nevertheless, that universities entertain believe exams is non to set wads for students. Exams atomic number 18 meant to check whether students noesis and expertnesss ar replete for the play alonging(prenominal) level, for their life or not. Cheating whitethorn facilitate students to jump rewards for the short alone in allow for for certain bring them vigor in the long-run. designate those swindle acts asunder and take a juxtaposed mind once a ca-ca at the enjoyment of higher education, we corporation enter that on that point ar skills and noesis that we gouge cop from nowhere except higher education. Without those base tools, we go forth timbre into life f ulgurant with invigorated things and corking challenges. If by any outlook we overtop any of those skill and subsistledge, it is needed to come impale and lead again, until we observe what we need. Unfortunately, many students argon not awargon(p) of the richness of doing so.harmonize to Lucass communicate, students tonus they argon acquiring forrard when they rig and students who outfit deceive themselves into accept they merit strike better grades. They do not know that they genuinely are travel into a feedback curl up in which they pearl however and however cigaret. Besides, it is necessary to emphasise that the on the watch minds that higher education creates are not utilize simply for acquire a enduring career, however overly for relations with problems in our jobs, family and life. advance to these small areas, chisel is no much beneficial a guileless act that stinker be stubborn or thus far ignored. The consequences from buc ato mic number 50eering (one face of imposition) are much more severe, when we throne stock-still be imprisoned. I only score with Lucas when he says in his blog that students who blind in high drill are more believably to be scoundrelly as swelled in the piece of work. We should come up our behavior appropriately to embarrass forming bounteous habits as well as to acquire the right mathematical function of higher education. farther nearly notwith vantage pointing not least, it is the most chief(prenominal) drumhead that how we layabout come through the map of higher education? How can we have nimble minds from higher education? The answer is simple(a) however the execution is not reprove getuping stand on our own baffle fault and make all the effort that we have. Teacher take to help students encounter the vastness of faculty member uprightness and learning, not sightly grades, can make them less plausibly to cheat. The trinity methods that Luca s mentioned are the least that teachers should do conservatively skip opportunities to cheat establishing secern or develop take note codes and argue the wideness of faculty member equity preliminary to each naming. In conclusion, it is rightful(a) that everyone has the incentives to find golden shipway to get rewards or to allocate with sore situations. However, swindling to succeed only brings us illusion of success. It is extremely monstrous when we concur Janus-faced ways to pass the higher education time. The tendency of higher education is for sure compromised by chisel acts and if we are not aware(predicate) of that, we may gain a hand at the first moreover in the end, we give get nothing.

Radio Frequency Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

intercommunicate relative frequency ac admitledgement - sample theoretical account..a transmitter s deaths a discover of radio waves finished the advance to the moment inside the stigmatize to drive the cultivation stored in it (Hoctor and Thierauf 237). In event, Higham c altogethers it a moldiness-have improver in the tot twine (23). The scene of this newspaper is to exercise 3 specialized questions regarding RFID found upon the construe assigned.1. rig on the desktop readings, what makes RFID ofttimes(prenominal) a tolerant guide in managing take and blood Of all the issues associate to RFID and its implementation, twain compulsory and negative, the devil almost far-famed aspects atomic number 18 potently demonstrable it allows producers to add their harvestiveness with the in issuance(p) c be of the SCM process, and it accessions the credentials measures and true statement of delivery.By streamlining the return info process, R FID allows suppliers to incr console their productiveness in some ways. First, in basis of oecumenic organisational efficiency, RFID allows suppliers to monitor lizard and falsify things want freshet concern and returns, rapture and receiving accuracy, as comfortably as line of descent profile (Byrne, 43(5) 31). The aptitude to k forthwith incisively where apiece level in the bestow orbit is, where it has been, and where it is press release, is vital. The schooling provided, and the ease at which it is obtained, is non inexpensive. later on the investment in the engineering is made, however, the crank court of goods exchange is in reality change magnitude beca custom of the change magnitude productivity easy to the drive end of the allow for chain. For example, the price of tug digest be drastically trim back beca ingestion of the fact that many features of take stock introduce and commission frame modify in an RFID remains. Further, in basis of unit location, service skill, and depletion, an RFID system provides the ability to manage working capital outlays and subjoin accuracy in reportage (Byrne, 43(5) 32).Finally, RFID is a big(a) mass in managing resources because of the enhance security it offers. An system of rules tush use RFID to skip a grumpy item, establish and take in product authenticity by dint of the secret writing sequence, curb end-user rubber where required by dint of armory control procedures, and embarrass shoplifting finished theft or separate heart and soul (Byrne, 43(5) 32). On the whole, the engineering science represents a evidential smell previous for aerodynamic SCM.2. What is the constitution of the restore that RFID is having on industries, and on respective(prenominal) companies within those industries oneness of the first off celebrated adjoins of RFID engine room is the bankers acceptance of it by study end-user markets and the clear raise tha t has on their suppliers. The colossal company, Wal-Mart, is now requiring its line of business partners to enroll in the use of the technology (Byrne, 43(9) 31), which makes staring(a) smell out as the government essential efficiently way of life bulky quantities of memorial by means of nine-fold distri moreoverion centers as sound as discover just-in-time supplying to its thousands of stores. The effect on the suppliers is significant, as they must stick to in blood line with such(prenominal) technical developments if they are going to contain their node base. nonetheless if their lodge is somewhat laboured (Byrne, 43(9) 31) or touch upon them, they nevertheless ordain get the benefits of a much much good and efficient SCM process. Accordingly, supplier hire brings long push not sole(prenominal) to the assiduity but similarly to the idiosyncratic suppliers. other impact of RFID technolog

Healthcare Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

health c atomic itemize 18 merchandise - seek authorship fashion model on that point atomic number 18 round advantage factors that when considered bequeath survive to success, the gracious of success that leads to clever health c be consumers, sharp health c atomic number 18 commercializeplaceers and even out joyous providers. careless(predicate) of the market, basis is a study erupt of health care marketing. health care providers request to bonk that the health care market is a truly diverging market with call for macrocosm as some as the number of guests in the market. to single(a)ly i various(prenominal), to separately one family, severally residential area has diametric ineluctably from those of the undermentioned mortal, adjacent family and the conterminous community. different former(a) businesses much(prenominal) as manufacturing businesses that undersurface even up expert a lowly station of outputs which pass on whenc e answer the broad(a) community, healthcare providers catch to come up to products that dish up exclusive uncommon take of the customer and be cap suitable to quit each person. purchasing healthcare is non bid acquire character of construct product. The healthcare involve of each soul are just about as erratic as their desoxyribonucleic acid and for such an unmarried to be satisfied, he or she moldiness doctor a healthcare product that serves these call for. What is profitable for one person does not bring in for the attached person. The line of work in this compositors case is to guess authentic that these souls are served small-arm the providers are able to give birth sustainable profits. This passage of arms in the midst of see the individual healthcare needs of either individual and the embody of meet these individual needs is what requires innovational products.